sNdpIY aebmf¯nð

tUm.sI.Fkv. chnIpamÀ

  
        a\pjyÀ `mjbneqsS Bibhn\nabw \S¯n¯pS§nb Imew apXte IYIfpapïmbn.  tKm{XPohnX¯nse hn{iathfIfmIWw AXn\v kµÀ`samcp¡nbXv.  A§s\bpïmb hmsamgn¡YIÄ XeapdIÄ ssIamdn  kaql¯nsâ s]mXpkz¯mbn.  ]nev¡me¯v AXnð NnesXms¡ hcsamgnbnte¡v ]IÀ¯s¸«p.  Ahbv¡v ]eXcw cq]]cnWma§fpïmbn.  KZy¯nepw ]Zy¯nepw IYIfpïmbn.  C¯ncnbpÅ \dp§pIYIÄ apXð imtJm]imJIfmbn ]SÀóp]´en¨ IYIÄ \ndª CXnlmk§Ä hscbpïmbn.

          F´mWv IY? efnXambn ]dªmð Ime{Iaw A\pkcn¨pÅ kw`hhnhcWamWv IY.  BZyamZyw BJym\w sN¿pó kw`h§fneqsS Hcp {]iv\w AhXcn¸n¡pIbpw XpSÀóp hcpó kw`h§fneqsS AXv ]cnlcn¡pIbpw sN¿pó LS\bmWv s]mXphnð IYIfptSXv.  BJym\¯nsâ HmtcmL«¯nepw ‘C\nsb´v’ ? Fó BImw£ tIÄhn¡mc\nð DWcpw.  AXn\v A´yamIpótXmsS IYbpw Ahkm\n¡póp

          an¡hmdpw Fñm BJym\cq]§fnepw IYtbm IYItfm DïmIpw.  ]gbImes¯ IYIÄ cïp [À½§Ä \nÀhln¨ncpóp.  tIÄhn¡mcs\ ckn¸n¡pIbpw KpW]mTw ]IcpIbpw.  Cu cïp[À½§fpw Hónt¨m thÀXncntªm \nÀÆln¡pó IYIfpïv.  ]gb Imes¯ sNdnb IYIsf sI«pIY (Tale) arKIY (Fable)  b£n¡Y(Fairy tale)  At\ym]tZiw (Allegory)  Zrãm´IY (Parable) sFXnlyw(Legend)  ]pcmhr¯w (Myth) Fón§s\ ]eXmbn C\w Xncn¨n«pïv.  C¯cw ]gbIYmcq]§fnð thcpIfpÅXmWv XmcXtay\ A[p\nIamb kmlnXycq]w (Literary Genre) Bb sNdpIY (short- story)

          KZy¯nepff BJym\ kmlnXy¯nsâ(Fiction) Hcp hn`mKambmWv sNdpIY cq]s¸«phcpóXv. ]s¯m³]Xmw \qämïnsâ BZyZiI§fnð Atacn¡³ sFIy\mSpIÄ, {^m³kv, PÀ½n\n, d£y XpS§nb cmPy§fnð GXmïv Htc Ime¯v sNdpIYbpsS BZycq]§Ä BhnÀ`hn¨p.  ISemÊp \nÀ½mW¯nsâbpw A¨SnbpsSbpw hym]\t¯msS B\pImenI {]kn²oIcW§Ä [mcmfambn Dïmbn¯pS§nbXv sNdpIYbpsS Dev]¯n hnImk§Ä¡v Ifsamcp¡n.  hmÀ¯Ifpw AdnhpIfpw hmb\¡mcnse¯n¡m³ Bcw`n¨ B\pImenI§sf BIÀjIam¡m³ hmb\¡mÀ¡v ckIcambn tXmópó hn`h§fpw thïnhóp.  A§s\bmWv sNdpIY Fó kmlnXycq]w Dcp¯ncnªp hóXv. 

          sNdpIYsb¡pdn¨pÅ ASnØm\ k¦ð]w cq]s¸«Xv Cu ]Ým¯e¯nemWv.  Hcp kw`hw, Hcp IYm]m{Xw, Hcp hnImcw, HchØ CXntesX¦nepambncn¡pw sNdpIYbpsS Duóð aäp kw`h§fpw IYm]m{X§fpw hnImchpsams¡ tI{µØm\¯pÅXns\ ]cnt]mjn¸n¡Ww.  GIm{KXbpw kw£n]vXXbpw GIoIrX ^e{]XoXn (unity of impression) bpw AXn\pïmIWw.  kÀthm]cn PohnXs¯¡pdn¨v DÄ¡mgvN ]Icm³ Ignbpó Hcp BJym\amIWaXv.  C§s\bpÅ ASnØm\ k¦ð]§Ä \ne\nðs¡¯só, ]gbXpw ]pXnbXpamb ]e kmt¦XnIcoXnIfpw kzoIcn¨pw ka\zbn¨pw Fñm e£W\nÀt±i§tfbpw AXnhÀ¯n¨p sImïv sNdpIY AXnthKw hfÀóp. 

aebmf sNdpIYbpsS Bcw`w 

          ]s¯m³]Xmw \qämïnsâ cïmw ]IpXnbnð ]mÝmXy kmlnXy k¼À¡¯nsâ ^eambn aebmfkmlnXy¯nð ]e ]cnhÀ¯\§fpw Dïmbn.  AXnsâ `mKambmWv t\mhepw sNdpIYbpw aäpapïmbXv. 

          aebmf¯nse BZyIme B\pImenI {]kn²oIcW§fnepw tIcfhÀ½ henbtImbn¯¼pcm³, slÀ½³ KpïÀ«v XpS§nbhÀ X¿mdm¡nb ]mTameIfnepw KpW]mT{][m\amb sNdnb IYIÄ Dïmbncpóp.  Fómð sNdpIY Fóp hnfn¡m³ ]mI¯nepÅ Hcp cN\ A¨Sn¨p hcpóXv 1891 Ipw`w (s^{_phcn þ amÀ¨v) e¡w hnZymhnt\mZn\n amknIbnemWv.  ‘hmk\mIrXn’ Fó B IY cNbnXmhnsâ t]cnñmsXbmWv A¨Sn¨n«pÅsX¦nepw hnZymhnt\mZn\nbpsS kl]{Xm[n]À IqSnbmbncpó th§bnð Ipªncma³ \mbcmWv IYmImc³ Fóv IcpXnt¸mcpóp.  aqÀt¡m¯p Ipamc³, HSphnð IpªnIrjvW tat\m³, kn.Fkv. tKm]me¸Wn¡À XpS§n ]ecpw B ZiI¯nð¯só {it²bamb sNdpIYIsfgpXn.  Ccp]Xmw \qämïnsâ XpS¡ambt¸mtg¡pw sNdpIYIÄ¡v A\pIqeamb A´co£apïmbn.  A¼mSn  \mcmbWs]mXphmÄ Fw.BÀ. sI.kn XpS§nbhÀ IYmImcòmcmbn JymXn t\Sn.  AhÀ¡p ]ndsI, sI.kpIpamc³, C.hn. IrjvW¸nÅ, tXe¸pd¯v \mcmbW³ X¼n, kn.i¦chmcyÀ XpS§n ]e IYmImcòmcpw IYmcwKw kPoham¡n.

          BZyIme¯v Cu kmlnXycq]¯n\v ‘sNdpIY’ Fó cq]kwÚ Dd¨ncpónñ.  IYmcq]amb D]\ymkw , JÞIY Fsóms¡bmbncpóp t]cp ]dªp hóncpóXv.  1930 \p tijapÅ Ime¯mWv sNdpIY t]cpd¨Xv. 

          BZyIme sNdpIYmIr¯p¡fpsS cN\IÄ {][m\ambpw {]Wbw, hocm]Zm\w, Aafn, Ipämt¼jWw, tImSXn hyhlmcw, \mbm«v XpS§nb {]tab§sf tI{µoIcn¨mbncpóp FgpXnbncpóXv.  th§bnð Ipªncma³ \mb\mÀ, apÀt¡m¯p Ipamc³ XpS§n NnecpsS IYIfnð kmaqlnImhØbpsS ASbmf§Ä sNdnb tXmXnð ]Xnªp Iïp.  Ahcncphcpw kmaqlnI{]iv\§sf hnaÀin¨ncpó D]\ymkImcòmcmbncpóp FóXpw HmÀ¡mw.  \mb\mcpsS ZzmcI (1893) aebmf sNdpIYbnse Hcp ¢mkn¡v Bbn AwKoImcw t\Snb cN\bmWv.  kmaqlnI ]cnjvIcWs¯ apónð IïpsImïp IYIÄ ]eXpw aqÀt¡m¯p Ipamc³ FgpXn.  Gsdbpw Ipämt\zjW IYIfmsWgpXnbsX¦nepw hyXykvXX ]peÀ¯pó apXe\mbm«mWv kn.Fkv. tKm]me¸Wn¡cpsS {]ikvX cN\.  BZÀimßIhpw A`nPmXhpamb kv{Xo]pcpj t{]as¯ aWn{]hmf ssienbnð Be¦mcnI `mjbnð Øqeambn AhXcn¸n¡pIbmbncpóp HSphnð IpªnIrjvW tat\m³.  sjÀeIv tlmwkv IYIfpsS NphSp]nSns¨gpXnb ‘Dfn ]nSn¨ ssI’  t]msebpÅ IYIfneqsSbmWv A¼mSn \mcmbWs¸mXphmÄ {it²b\mbXv.  `qXImem´co£¯nð, AÛpX cktZymXIamb kmlknI IYIÄ BJym\w sN¿pIbmbncpóp Fw. BÀ. sI.kn.  ckIchpw {]mkw \ndªXpamb kw`mjW§fmbncpóp sI. kpIpamcsâ IYIfpsS Poh³. 

          ]nð¡me¯v lmkkmlnXyImc³ Fóv {]kn²\mb C.hn.IrjvW¸nÅ 1920 IfpsS XpS¡¯nð [mcmfw sNdpIYIsfgpXn.  Ah tIfoku[w Fó t]cnð \mep `mK§fmbn kamlcn¡s¸«n«pïv.  {]Wbw XpS§nb {]tab§sf ap³ \ndp¯n FgpXnb B IYIfnð lmky¯n\v {]m[m\yanñ FóXv {it²bw.  kmaqlnI PohnX¯nsâ Npe apJ§Ä Nne IYIfnð sXfnªp ImWpópapïv.  ‘Fsâ KÔÀÆ kvt\lnX³’ ^mâknbpsS km[yX \ómbn D]tbmKn¨n«pÅ cN\bmWv. 

 aebmf sNdpIY 1925 \p tijw

           Ccp]Xmw \qämïnsâ BZys¯ Imð`mKw IgnªtXmsS tIcf¯nsâ kmaqlnIm´co£¯nð hym]Iamb amä§Ä Iïp XpS§n.  hym]Iambn¯pS§nb kmam\y hnZym`ymkw, kmaqlnI\thm°m\ kwcw`§Ä, tZiob kzmX{´y kacw, IÀjIcptSbpw sXmgnemfnIfptSbpw aptóäw Fónhsbms¡¡pSn tNÀóv B amä¯n\v B¡w Iq«n.  Atómfw apJy[mcbnð \nóv AIän \ndp¯s¸«ncpó P\hn`mK§fpsS PohnXmhØIÄ kmlnXy¯nð CSw t\Sn¯pS§n.  sXmgnemfnIÄ, IogmfÀ, kv{XoIÄ XpS§nb hn`mK§Ä kmlnXy¯nð {]mapJyt¯msS cwK{]thiw sNbvXXv Cu A´co£¯nemWv.  CXnsâ BZykqN\IÄ IïXv \¼qXncn kapZmb¯nse, _mlyPohnXw \ntcm[n¡s¸«ncpó A´ÀÖ\§fpsS ZpxJ§Ä AhXcn¸n¨ hn.Sn. `«Xncn¸mSnsâ sNdpIYIfnemWv.  Fw. BÀ._n., ap¯ncnt§mSv  `h{XmX³ \¼qXncn¸mSv Fónhcpw Cu PohnX taJebnð\nópÅ IYIsfgpXn. 

           1930  IfpsS XpS¡t¯msS aebmf sNdpIYbnð henb amä§fpïmbn.  Fkv.sI. s]msä¡m«v, s]m³Ipów hÀ¡n, ssh¡w apl½Zv _joÀ, ]n. tIihtZhv, XIgn inhi¦c¸nÅ XpS§nbhÀ aebmf sNdpIYbnð Hcp ]pXnb bpK¯nsâ Bcw`w Ipdn¨p.  dnbenk¯n\v {]m[m\yapÅ coXnbð kmaqlnI {]iv\§sf AhXcn¸n¡pó IYIfmbncpóp AhÀ FgpXnbXv.  ap³Xeapdbnse IYmImcòmcpsS Øqeamb hÀ®\Ifpw hniZamb ]Ým¯e hnhcW§fpw aäpw Hgnhm¡n GIm{KXbv¡pw kw£n]vXXbv¡pw {]m[m\yw sImSp¯p ChÀ sNdpIYIfnð. 

          Fkv.sI. s]msä¡m«nsâ sNdpIYIÄ ASnØm\]cambn Imev]\nIkz`mhw ]peÀ¯póhbmWv.  Ah a\pjykz`mh¯nsâ sshNn{Xy§sf t\À¯ \À½¯nsâ ASnsbmgpt¡msS Nn{XoIcn¡póp.  temI¯nsâ ]e tImWpIfnepw Xpdó I®pItfmsS kôcn¨ s]msä¡m«nsâ a\Ênð ]Xnª CS§fpw Nn{X§fpw BfpIfpw Nne sNdpIYIÄ¡v hnjbambn«pïv. ]pÅnam³, \nimKÔn, Ggnew]me, H«Iw, A´Isâ tXm«n,h[p, IShptXmWn XpS§n s]msä¡mSnsâ {]ikvXamb sNdpIYIÄ Ht«sdbpïv.  s]mXphnð Fkv.sI.bpsS sNdpIYIÄ ]eXpw ØqeXbpÅXmWv. At±l¯nsâ Gähpw inev]`{Zamb sNdpIY ‘\ZoXoc¯nð’  BWv. Xsâ Npäp]mSpapÅ km[mcW¡mcpsS PohnXw IYmhnjbam¡nsb¦nepw B IYIÄ kmaqlnI ]cnhÀ¯\¯n\pÅ {]NcW]camb e£yt¯msS FgpXs¸«hbñ. hyànsbó \nebnð CSXp]£cm{ãob¯nsâ klbm{XnI\mbncp ón«pw s]msä¡m«nsâ IYIfnð cm{ãobmwiw IpdhmWv.  ASnØm\]cambn B sNdpIYIÄ Imev]\nI kz`mhapÅhbmWv.

          ss{IkvXh k`bnse ]utcmlnXy ta[mhnXzs¯bpw kn.]n.cmakzman A¿cpsS tkzÑm`cWt¯bpw FXnÀ¯psImïv sNdpIYIsfgpXnb Fgp¯pImc\mWv s]m³ Ipów hÀ¡n.  At±l¯nsâ sNdpIYIfpsS Iem]camb aqeys¯ kwibn¨hÀ t]mepw AhbpsS cm{ãobaqeys¯ AwKoIcn¨n«pïv.  ‘a{´ns¡«v’, ‘tamUð’ Fóo IYIÄ Aós¯ cm{ãobØnXntbmSpÅ {]XnIcW§fmWv.  I®nðt¨mcbnñm¯ ]utcmlnXyta[mhnXzt¯mSpÅ Iem]¯nsâ NqSv ‘At´mWo \obpa¨\mtbmSm’, ‘cïp Nn{Xw’ XpS§nb IYIfnð {]ISamWv.  ae\mS³ ImÀjnI PohnX Nn{X§Ä s]m³Ipów hÀ¡nbpsS ]e sNdpIYIfnepw ImWmw.  IÀjI\v Ahsâ hfÀ¯p arKt¯mSpÅ BÀ{Zamb lrZb_Ôs¯ BhnjvIcn¡pó sNdpIYbmWv ‘iÐn¡pó Ie¸’ Fó {]ikvX cN\.  \maam{XIÀjIcpsS km¼¯nI sRcp¡hpw PohnX ssZ\yhpw B IYbpsS iàamb A´À[mcbmWv. 

          Cu L«¯nð cwK{]thiw sNbvX asämcp {]apJ IYmIr¯mWv  XIgn inhi¦c¸nÅ.  tIkcn _meIrjvW]nÅbpambpÅ ASp¸w Cw¥ojn\p ]pd¯pÅ bqtdm]y³ sNdpIYbpsS ]pXnb apJs¯¡pdn¨dnbm³ XIgn¡p hgnsbmcp¡n.  amÀIvknsâbpw t{^mbvUnsâbpw aäpw Bib§fpsS ]mÝm¯e¯nð kmaqlnI imkv{X¯nsâbpw a\ximkv{X¯nsâbpw km[yXIÄ DÄs¡mïpsImïv XIgn sNdpIYIÄ FgpXn.  dnbenÌv kmt¦XnI amÀ¤w AXn\v A\pKpWamb hn[¯nð At±lw cN\bv¡p]tbmKn¨p.  XIgnbpsS BZyIme cN\Ifnð Hómb ‘shÅs¸m¡¯nð’ aebmf sNdpIYbpsS Ncn{X¯nð Øm\w ]nSn¨ IrXnbmWv.  Ip«\m«nse shÅs¸m¡¯nð ap§n¯mgm³ t]mIpó Dt]£n¡s¸« Hcp IpSnenð PohnX¯n\pw acW¯n\panSbnð \nð¡pó Hcp \mbbpsS AhØmNn{XWw \S¯pó IYbmWXv.  ‘XlknðZmcpsS Aѳ’, ‘amôqh«nð’ ‘ shfp¯ Ipªv’, ‘Irjn¡mc³’ XpS§nb IYIfneqsS Ip«\mS³ {KmaoW PohnXs¯ ap³\ndp¯n tIcfob kaql]cnWmaNn{X§Ä XIgn hc¨n«p.  ‘IpcpSsâ NmcnXmÀ°yw’ ‘]«mf¡mc³ ’XpS§nb XIgnbpsS hyànap{Z ]Xnª IYIÄ Gsdbpïv. 

          kaql¯nepw kmlnXy cwK¯pw \ne\nóncpó hyhØm]nXXz§sf \ninXambn FXnÀ¯ IYmIr¯mWv ]n. tIihtZhv.  kmlnXyañ, PohnXamWv Xsâ ap¼nepÅ {]iv\w Fóv Dds¡ hnfn¨p ]dª tIihtZhnsâ sNdpIYIÄ Hmtcmópw Hmtcm PohnX hnaÀi\amWv.  Ahbnð BZÀimßIXbptSbpw Imev]\nIXbptSbpw sshImcnIXbpw Afhv apón«p \nð¡póp.  PohnX¯nsâ ]pdwt]m¡nð IgnbpóhcpsS IYIÄ þ hntijn¨pw kv{Xo PohnX¯nsâ ssZ\y¯nsâ IYIÄ Xo£vWambn AhXcn¸n¡póXnð tIihtZhv ssh`hw Im«n.  ‘{]XnÚ’ Fó sNdpIYbnð \nÀ[\cmb cïp {KmaoW kv{XoIfpsS aXvkc¯neqsS AhcpsS PohnXmhØbpsS ssZ\yXbpw PohnXKXnbpsS A\nhmcykz`mhhpw At±lw `{Zambn Nn{XoIcn¨p.  ‘_Êpbm{X’, ‘IqÄ{Un¦v’, ‘ac¨o\n’ ‘`mhnhc³’, ‘KpkvXn’ ‘hmb\mime hmkqÅ’ XpS§n anI¨ sNdpIYIÄ ]eXpw tIihtZhnsâXmbpïv. 

          Xo{hamb PohnXm\p`h§fneqsS ISóp t]mb Fgp¯pImc\mWv ssh¡w apl½Zv _joÀ.  B A\p`h§fpsS BhnjvImcamWv At±l¯nsâ kmlnXyw.  _jodnsâ IYmPohnX¯n\v aqóp L«§Ä ImWmw. ]«nWnbpw cm{ãobbmX\bpw tZim´cPohnXhpw Hs¡ A\p`hn¨ kwLÀj`cnXamb BZyL«w.  PòZn\w, hni¸v, ssSKÀ XpS§nb IYIÄ Cu L«¯nsâ A\p`h§fneqópóp.  1950 Ifnð XpS§pó cïmwL«w D]lmk cN\IfptSXmWv.  kmaqlnI cm{ãob sshIrX§sf lmkymßIambn AhXcn¸n¨ ‘hnizhnJymXamb aq¡v’, ‘F«pImen a½qªv’ XpS§nb IYIÄ Cu L«¯nteXmWv.  aqómwL«¯nð BßKX¯nsâ OmbbpÅ kzOµ cN\IfmWv _joÀ FgpXnbXntesdbpw.  ‘X¦tamXncw’, ‘tdUntbm{Kmw Fó tXcv, ‘kzÀ®ame’ XpS§nb IYIÄ Cu L«¯nteXmWv. kmaqlnIXbpw sshbànIXbpw X½nepÅ IemßI ka\zbw _jodnsâ sNdpIYIfnð ImWmw.  ]nóoSv, B[p\nIXbpsS {]`mhIme¯v kPohambn BhnjvIcn¡s¸« Nne `mh§fpsS _oPcq]§Ä _jodnsâ cN\Ifnð t\ct¯ Xsó {]Xy£s¸«n«pïv.  cq]`mh§fnð _joÀ hcp¯nb \nc´camb \hoIcWw, aebmf¯nð sNdpIY Fó kmlnXycq]s¯¡pdn¨pÅ Ønc[mcWIsf Xncp¯n¡pdn¨p. 

          1930 IfpsS XpS¡¯nð aebmf sNdpIYm cwK¯v {]thin¨ ImcqÀ \oeIWvT¸nÅ aebmf¯nse F¡mes¯bpw anI¨ sNdpIYmImcòmcnð HcmfmWv.  hensbmcfthmfw sNdpIYbnð HXp§n \nópsImïv kmlnXyPohnX¯n\v AÀ°Kuchw sImSp¯ Fgp¯pImc\mWt±lw.  ImcqÀ FgpXnb sNdpIYIfpsS F®w GXmïv Ccpóqtdmfw hcpw.  Ahbnð ]¯ncp]sX®sa¦nepw aebmf¯nse sNdpIYIfnð s]Spw.  BZyIme¯v XpÑi¼f¡mcmb ss{]adnkv¡qÄ A²ym]IcpsS km¼¯nIZpcnXs¯ {]tabam¡n FgpXnb hm²ymÀ IYIÄ (ImðN{Iw, AZv`pXa\pjy³, kmÀ hµ\w XpS§nbh) Imcqcnsâ A\p`hap{Z ]XnªhbmWv.  kaql¯nsâ AcnIpIfnte¡v HXp¡s¸«hcpsS IYIÄ ]dbpóp.  ‘sNIp¯m³’, ‘hÅ¡mc³’, ‘AcªmWw’, ‘DXp¸msâ InWÀ’ XpS§nb IYIÄ.  kq£aamb PohXt_m[hpw inev]NmXpcnbpw {]ISn¸n¡póhbmWv Imcqcnsâ sNdpIYIÄ.  kmaqlnI PohnXs¯¡pdn¨pÅ DÄ¡mgvN Ahbv¡v B´cnI ZmÀVyw \ðIpóp.  ‘]qh¼gw’, ‘ac¸mhIÄ’, ‘tamXncw’ XpS§nb IYIÄ aebmf sNdpIYbnse A\p]a cN\IfmWv.  Cw¥ojv hnZym`ymkw t\Snbn«nñm¯ ImcqÀ sNdpIYsb¡pdn¨pÅ ASnØm\ k¦ð]t¯mSv Gähpw CW§n \nð¡pó IrXnIÄ cNn¨p.  At±l¯n\p klPamb \nb{´nXamb BJym\w CXn\p klmbIambn«pïv. kaqlnI bmYmÀ°y§sf Nn{XoIcn¡pt¼mÄ B IYIÄ {]NcW]cXbnte¡v amdpónñ.  ss\XnIhpw [mÀ½nIhpamb Hcp ASnØm\ \ne]mSv Imcqcnsâ IYIfnð ImWmw.

          Atómfw PohnX¯nsâ apJy[mcbnte¡v ISóphcm¯ P\hn`mK§Ä¡v kmlnXy¯nð CSw In«nb ImeamWv 1930IÄ.  kv{XoIÄ¡pw kmlnXy¯nsâ cwKthZnbnte¡v ISóphcm³ Cu kµÀ`w {]tbmP\s¸«p.  hÀ¤\oXntbmsSm¸w enwK\oXnbpw kmlnXy¯nð {]tabambn.  AXn\pap¼pw Fgp¯pImcnIÄ Dïmbn«psï¦nepw aebmfkmlnXy¯nsâ apJy[mcbnð kv{XoIÄ¡v CSw In«póXv Cu ]Ým¯e¯nemWv.  efnXmw_nI A´ÀÖ\w ad¡pSbv¡pÅnð Ignbpó \¼qXncn kv{XoIfpsS PohnX ssZ\y¯nsâ IYIÄ A\p`h Xo£vWXtbmsS AhXcn¸n¨p sImïv ISóphóXv Cu L«¯nemWv. ‘aqSp]Sw’ ‘{]XnImctZhX’ XpS§nb IYIÄ Cu A\p`haÞes¯ BhnjvIcn¡póp.  ‘]ômcbp½’bnð iniphnsâ hfÀ¨bnse kmÀÆP\o\ `mhs¯ AhXcn¸n¨ A´ÀPvP\w ]nð¡me¯v ‘a\pjy]p{Xn’bnð `q]cnjvIcW¯n\p tijapÅ \¼qXncn kaql¯nsâ km¼¯nI ZpcnX¯nsâ Nn{X§fpw AhXcn¸n¨p.  cm{ãobhpw kmaqlnIhpamb DÄ¡mgvNIÄ ]peÀ¯nbncpó A´ÀÖ\¯nsâ IYIÄ, sshbànIm\p`h¯nð tI{µoIcn¡pó ImhymßI cN\IfmWv. 

          Cu L«¯nð ISóphó sI.kckzXn A½ aebmf¯nse BZys¯ s^an\nÌv IYmImcnbmWv.  kv{XohmZ¯nsâ {]Xybimkv{Xw ChnsS ]cnNbamIpó Xn\p ap¼mWv AhÀ IYIsfgpXnbsX¦nepw hyàamb kv{XohmZ \ne]mSpIÄ Ahbnð ImWmw.  A¡me¯v hnZym`ymkw t\SpIbpw kzbwsXmgnseSp¯v Pohn¡pIbpw sNbvX kv{XoItfmSv kaqlw ]peÀ¯nb \ntj[mßI at\m`mh¯n\p t\scbpÅ iàamb {]XnIcW§fmbncpóp AhcpsS IYIÄ.  ‘hnhmlk½m\w’, ‘s]¬_p²n’, ‘kv{XoPòw’, ‘hnhmlw kzÀ¤¯nð \S¡póp’, ‘IogvPoh\¡mcn’ XpS§nb IYIÄ Cu khntij \ne]mSnsâ BhnjvImc§fmWv.  ImhymßIXtb¡mÄ kwhmZkz`mhamWv kckzXn A½bpsS IYIÄ¡pÅXv. 

          ]nð¡me¯v Ddq_v Fó XqenIm\ma¯nð {]kn²\mb ]n.kn.Ip«nIrjvW³ IYmcN\bnte¡p {]thin¨Xpw Cu ImebnfhnemWv.  kmaqlnI {]iv\§tf¡mÄ hyànZqxJ§sf  tI{µoIcn¨gpXnb IYIfmWv ]n.kn.Ip«nIrjvWtâXv.  cN\m]camb Imcy§fnð Xsâ ]n³Xeapd¡mtcmSv Ip«nIrjvW\v ASp¸apïv.  ImhymßIXbpsS t\À¯ BhcWhpw \À½¯nsâ kv]Àihpw At±l¯nsâ sNdpIYIsf BIÀjIam¡póp.  ‘cm¨nb½’, ‘hmSIhoSpIÄ’, ‘Iqs¼Sp¡pó a®v’, ‘Xpdón« PmeIw’, ‘cmambWw’, ‘Ipdnªn¸q¨’ XpS§nb IYIÄ At±l¯nsâ a\pjylrZb Úm\¯nsâbpw BJym\ anIhntâbpw DZmlcW§fmIpóp.  ‘shfp¯ Ip«n’, ‘Xmacs¯m¸n’ XpS§nb IYIfnð \mtSmSn¡YIfpsS LS\sb ]pXnb cq]¯nð D]tbmKn¡m\pÅ {]hWX {]ISamIpóp.  _nw_§Ä sImïv km{µhpw [\ymßIhpamb hnhcWcoXnbmWv Ddq_nsâ IYIÄ¡pÅXv.  kw`mjW¯nð tZiy`mjm khntijXIÄ At±lw hnZKvZambn H¸nsbSp¡póp. 

          Aós¯ kmlnXym´co£¯nð {]_eambncpó Bib[mc ]ptcmKa\ kmlnXy¯ntâXmbncpóp.  {]Øm\saó \nebnð AXnt\mSv tNÀóp \nð¡mXncpó Fgp¯pImcpsS cN\Ifnðt¸mepw AXnsâ kzm[o\X ImWm\mIpw.  ]ptcmKa\ kmlnXy¯nsâ \ne]mSpIsf Gähpw \ómbn BhnjvIcn¨ kmlnXy cq]w sNdpIYbmbncpó FóXpw {it²bw.  CXv sNdpIYsb AXnthKw Hcp P\Iob kmlnXycq]am¡n¯oÀ¯p.  kÀ¤tijnbpÅhcpw Añm¯hcpamb Ht«sdt¸À sNdpIYIsfgpXn.  CXckmlnXy hn`mK§fnð {]hÀ¯n¨hcpw Cu L«¯nð sNdpIYbnð HcpssI t\m¡mXncpónñ.  \ncq]I\mb tPmk^v apïtÈcnbpw  IhnIfmb N§¼pgbpw A¡n¯hpw Nn´I\mb Fw. tKmhnµ\psams¡ {it²bamb sNdpIYIsfgpXn.  C.Fw. tImhqÀ, t]mªn¡c dm^n, \mKhÅn BÀ.Fkv. Ipdp¸v, sh«qÀ cma³ \mbÀ, s]cpó tXmakv, F³. tKmhnµ³ Ip«n, Smäm]pcw kpIpamc³ XpS§nbhÀ {it²bcmbXpw Cu L«¯nð Xsó. CSXp]£ cm{ãob¯nsâ {]XnÚm_²amb kmlnXysaó \nebnð sNdpIYm cN\ \S¯nb Fgp¯pImcpw Cu L«¯nepïmbn.  sNdpImSv, kn.ANypX¡pdp¸v, Un. Fw. s]msä¡mSv XpS§nbhÀ B hn`mK¯nðs¸Spóp. 

          At¸mtg¡pw sasñ cq]s¸«phó `mhmßIamb cN\mcoXn kzmb¯am¡ns¡mïv, kmaqlnI PohnX Nn{X§Ä hc¨n« ]e sNdpIYmImcòmcpapïv.  ZenXv PohnX¯nsâ kXykÔamb BhnjvImcw \S¯nb Sn.sI.kn. hSpXe Ahcnð {]apJ\mWv.  sIm¨n \Kc¯nsâ {]m´{]tZi¯pÅ \m«n³]pds¯ Irjn¸Wn¡mcmb ]pebcpsS IYIÄ AhcpsS kmwkvImcnI PohnX khntijXIsf H¸nsbSp¯psImïmhnjvIcn¡pIbmbncpót±lw.  GXv apJy[mcm IYmIr¯nsâ sNdpIYItfmSpw InS\nðv¡pó inev]ku`KapÅ cN\Ifmbncpóp Ah.  ‘N¦cm´n AS’, ‘A¨ï sh´oª Cóm’, ‘Fï hnXnbm’ XpS§nb IYIÄ Cu khntij kz`mhw ]peÀ¯póhbmWv. 

          aebmfs¯ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw Cu Imebfhnse sNdpIYIfmWv B kmlnXy cq]¯nsâ LS\m]camb khntijXIÄ \ómbn {]ZÀin¸n¨Xv.  Ahbnð Gsdbpw GI kw`htI{µoXtam GIIYm]m{XtI{µnXtam BsWóp ImWmw.  IqSpXembn IYbnð AhXcn¸n¡s¸Spó kw`h§fpw IYm]m{X§fpsams¡ apJyambXns\ ]cnt]mjn¸n¡póp.  tIkcn _meIrjvW]nÅbneqsSbpw aäpw ]IÀóp In«nb bqtdm]y³ sNdpIYsb¡pdn¨pÅ [mcWIÄ C¡mcy¯nð \½psS IYmImcòmÀ¡ hgnIm«nbmbn.  s]s«óp XmZmßyw {]m]n¡m³ Ignbpó km[mcW¡mcmb IYm]m{X§Ä, ]cnNnXamb PohnXkµÀ`§Ä, \m«psamgn tbmSSp¯p \nð¡pó `mj Fónhsbñmw C¡mes¯ sNdpIYIsf Gsd P\Iobam¡n. 

 1950 Ifneqïmb ]cnhÀ¯\w

          1950 Ifmbt¸mtg¡pw sNdpIYmklnXy¯nð Nne amä§Ä Iïp XpS§n.  {]tab§fnse {]ISamb kmaqlnIXbv¡v Ipdhp hcnIbpw sshbànIm\p`h§Ä¡v {]m[m\yw hcnIbpw sNbvXp.  IYsbómð _mlykw`hNn{XoIcWw am{Xañ, IYm]m{X¯nsâ A´À`mhNn{XoIcWw IqSnbmWv Fó kao]\w cq]s¸«p.  Cu ]cnhÀ¯\¯nsâ apóWnbnð \nó IYmIr¯p¡fmWv Sn. ]ß\m`³, Fw.Sn. hmkptZh³ \mbÀ, am[hn¡p«n, tImhne³, F³.]n. apl½Zv XpS§nbhÀ. 

          kmaqlnI cm{ãob aÞe§fnð Dïmb ]cnhÀ¯\§Ä BWv IYmkmlnXy¯nð Cu amäapïmbXnsâ Hcp t{]cW. cïmw temIalm bp²^eambpïmb km¼¯nI {]XnkÔn, kzmX{´m\´cL«¯nepïmb {]Xo£m`wKw Fónhsbms¡ BfpIsf IqSpXð A´ÀapJcm¡n.  At¸mtg¡pw t_m[[mcmcoXn t]msebpÅ ]pXnb BJym\coXnbpw ]mÝmXykmlnXy ]cnNbapÅ Fgp¯pImÀ¡p e`n¨p Ignªp.  Cu ]mÝm¯e¯nemWv `mh{][m\hpw ImhymßIhpamb ssienbnð IYm]m{X§fpsS am\knINe\§sf H¸nsbSp¡pó BJym\coXnbpambn ]pXnb IYmIr¯pIÄ cwK {]thiw sNbvXXv. 

          Sn. ]ß\m`sâ sNdpIYIÄ hyànbpsS GIm´Xsbbpw hnjmZt¯bpw tI{µoIcn¨v FgpXnbn«pÅhbmWv.  C´ymhn`P\¯nsâ ]mÝm¯e¯nð IpSpw__豈 inYneamb Hcp hyànbpsS Xo{hamb BßthZ\ BhnjvIcn¡pó IYbmWv ‘aJ³kn§nsâ acWw’ ‘ISbs\ñqcnse Hcp kv{Xo’ ‘{]Imiw ]c¯pó s]¬Ip«n’ ‘tiJq«n’ ‘`bw’ ‘Hcp IYmIr¯v Ipcninð’ XpS§nbhsbms¡ Sn. ]ß\m`sâ anI¨ sNdpIYIfmWv.  sshbànIXbnð tI{µoIcn¡pó kz`mhw ]Zva\m`sâ anI¨ sNdpIYIÄ¡pïv. 

          Xsâ Pò{Kmas¯ ]Ým¯eam¡n, X\n¡v Xo{hambn A\p`hn¡m³ Ignª PohnXkµÀ`§sfbpw ASp¯dnbm³ Ignª a\pjyscbpw ap³\ndp¯n FgpXnbhbmWv Fw.Sn. hmkptZh³ \mbcpsS sNdpIYIfntesdbpw.  {]mtZinI kzXz¯nsâ iàamb kmón[yw B IYIfnð sXfnbpóp.  BZy Imes¯gpXnb ‘Ipt«yS¯n’, ‘Ccp«nsâ Bßmhv’, ‘IÀ¡nSIw’ XpS§nb IYIfnð am{Xañ, hfsc hÀj§Ä¡ptijw hyXykvXamb inev]{Ia¯nð cNn¨ ‘hm\{]Øw’ ‘sjÀeIv’, ‘sNdnb sNdnb `qI¼§Ä’  XpS§nb IYIfnepw Cu Awiw {]_eamWv.  ]nð¡me¯v B[p\nIX(modernism) bpsS L«¯nð AhXcn¸n¡s¸« AcmPI {]IrXnIfmb \mbIòmcpsS BZycq]§Ä ‘hn¯pIÄ’  ‘tPm¡À’ XpS§nb  Fw.SnbpsS sNdpIYIfnð ImWmw.  endn¡ð dnbenk¯nsâ anI¨ amXrIIfmb Fw.SnbpsS sNdpIYIÄ Imem´c¯nð ]pXnb cN\mX{´§Ä HuNnXy]qÀÆw kzmwioIcn¨v hfÀóp.  tImhne³, ]md¸pd¯v, \´\mÀ Fónhsc ]«mf¡YmImcòmÀ Fó KW¯nðs¸Sp¯mdpïv.  PohnXhr¯nhimð ]«mf¯nepïmbncpó ChÀ A§s\ ]cnNbs¸Sm\nSbmb Øe]Ým¯e§fpw IYm]m{X§fpw PohnXcwK§fpw sNdpIYbnð BhnjvIcn¨p. AsXmgn¨mð AhcpsS IYIÄ XnI¨pw hyXykvX§fmWv.  Icp¯nsâ IYmImc\mWv tImhne³.  GXp Zpc´t¯bpw AXnPohn¡pó, bmX\bneqsS kv^v]pSw sNbvsXSp¯ Xmtg¯«nse a\pjycnse \òsb At±lw BhnjvIcn¡póp.  Hmtcm IYbpw kvt]mS\mßIamb iàn {]ISam¡póp. ‘Hcp IjvWw AØn’, ‘sN«n¸q¡Ä’, ‘]mbkw’, ‘d’, ‘kpPmX’, ‘iIp\w’, ‘iwJv’ XpS§n Ht«sd anI¨ sNdpIYIÄ tImhne³ FgpXnbn«pïv.  \ninXXzamWv AhbpsS ASnØm\ KpWw. ]md¸pd¯nsâbpw \´\mcptSbpw sNdpIYIfnð KrlmXpcXzamWv apJy`mhw.  Imev]\nIXbpsS `mhmßIX ]SÀó kcfamb BJym\w B IYIsf BIÀjIam¡póp. 

          1950 Ifnð aebmf sNdpIYbnð iàambn¯oÀó Imev]\nI `mhpIXz¯nsâ ]ctImSn BhnjvIcn¨Xv F³.taml\\mWv.  ‘\nsâ IY(Fsâbpw)’, ‘sIm¨pXncpta\n’, ‘Aley’, ]qPbvs¡Sp¡m¯ ]q¡Ä’ XpS§nbpÅ At±l¯nsâ sNdpIYIÄ KZy¯nepÅ Imhy`mjW§fmWv.  kv{XobpsS A\p`haÞe¯nð \nópsImïv hnjmZw XpSn¡pó IYIÄ FgpXnb cmPe£anbpsS cN\IfpsS `mhXehpw CXnt\mSSp¯p \nð¡póp.  sI.Sn.apl½Zv, Pn. F³. ]Wn¡À, Pn.hnthIm\µ³, C. hmkp, {iohcmlw _meIrjvW³ XpS§n Cu L«¯nð kPohambn hÀ¯n¨ Fgp¯pImÀ ]ecpapïv.   

B[p\nIX (modernisam) aebmf sNdpIYbnð

          1960 IfpsS XpS¡t¯msS aebmf sNdpIYbnð henb Hcp amäw kw`hn¨p.  kmlnXy¯nse B[q\nIXm {]Øm\w (modernisam) iàambn¯pS§nb ImeamWXv.  cN\mcoXnsbó \nebnð dnbenk (realisam) ¯nsâ Imew Ignªp Fóp {]Jym]n¨p sImïv ]pXnb cN\mcoXnIÄ BhnÀ`hn¨p.  bYmÀ°ys¯ A]cnNnXhev¡cn¨v AhXcn¸n¡pó coXnbmbncpóp AXnð {][m\w.  an¯nsâbpw sFXnly§fptSbpw {`a`mh\bptSbpw aäpw kt¦X§Ä sNdpIYbnte¡v ISóphóp.  CXnt\msSm¸w {it²bamb Hcp Imcyw PohnXs¯ \ntj[mßIambn ImWpó kao]\w iàambn FóXmWv.  kaql¯nsâ Im]Sy§tfbpw PoÀ®XItfbpw Nn{XoIcn¡póXnepw Cu \ntj[kz`mhw ImWmw.  AkvXnXzhmZhpw iq\yXmhmZhpw Cu KW¯nðs¸« Fgp¯pImcpsS A`naXamb Bib[mcWIfmbn¯oÀóp.  PohnXs¯ IS¦Ybmbn ImWpIbpw AXv krãn¨ cmhW³ tIm«bnð \nóv c£s¸Sm\pÅ amÀ¤ambn acWs¯ BZÀihXvIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp B[p\nIÀ ]e cN\Ifnepw.  ]pXnb PohnX kao]\§fpw \hXzapÅ cN\mcoXnIfpw sImïv Cu KW¯nðs¸« Fgp¯pImÀ AXnthKw kmlnXym´co£¯nð AwKoImcw t\Sn. 

          Cu {]Øm\¯nðs¸« IYmIr¯p¡Ä an¡hcpw tIcf¯nse {Kma§fnð \nóv D¯tc´ybnse alm\Kc§fnð D]Poh\w tXSnsb¯nbhcmbncpóp.  am\pjnIX \ãs¸«, k¦oÀ®amb \mKcoIm\p`hw Ahsc A\yhevIrXcm¡n.  A¯cw A\p`h§sf AhÀ {`amßIambn AhXcn¸n¨p.  CXnsâ XpS¡w ImWm³ IgnbpóXv am[hn¡p«nbpsS sNdpIYIfnemWv.  ‘IeymWn’ , ‘aesôcphpIfnð’ XpS§nb sNdpIYIfneqsS am[hn¡p«n CXnsâ BZykqN\IÄ \ðIn.  Ncn{X]cambn ]dªmð Sn.]Zva\m`sâbpw Fw.SnbptSbpw XhapdtbmsSm¸ambncpóp am[hn¡p«n Fó IYmImcnbpsS cwK{]thiw.  Fómð B `mhpIXzL«s¯ ]n³XpSÀóp hó B[p\nIXmhmZ¯nsâ `mhpIXzs¯ aebmf¯nð iàam¡nsbSp¯hcpsS apóWnbnð \nóXv Cu IYmImcnbmWv.  ‘]£nbpsS aWw’ aebmf¯nse B[p\nI sNdpIYbpsS anI¨ {]Xn\n[nbmbn  KWn¡s¸«n«pïv.  AXn\pa¸pdw aebmf¯nse kv{XohmZ kmlnXy¯nsâ {][m\ t\«§fpw am[hn¡p«nbpsS IYmtemI¯p\nómWv.  kv{Xo ]pcpj_Ôs¯ t{]aw Zm¼Xyw IpSpw_w kaqlw XpS§nb LS\IÄ¡pÅnð \ndp¯n hnaÀi\mßIambn AhXcn¸n¡pó cN\IÄ Ht«sdbpïv AhcptSXmbn.  kv{Xo a\Ênsâ AXohkq£aamb `mh§Ä t]mepw B IYIfnð AhÀ H¸nsbSp¯p.  B´coIamb ImhymßIXbpw AXohkw£n]vXamb inev]LS\bpw B IYIsf A\p]aam¡n.  Xsâ IYmPohnX¯nsâ XpS¡w apXentómfw A\p{Iaamb hnImkw t\Sm\pw am[hn¡p«nbv¡p Ignªn«pïv. 

          B[p\nIXm{]Øm\hpambn _Ôs¸« {][m\ IYmIr¯p¡fmWv Im¡\mS³, Fw.]n. \mcmbW]nÅ , H.hn.hnPb³, Fw. apIpµ³, k¡dnb, B\µv, ]ßcmP³, tkXp, ]p\¯nð IpªÐpÅ  XpS§nbhÀ.  \mKcnIm\p`h¯nð \nóp sImïv {KmaoWPohnXs¯ \ho\amb HcpÄ¡mgvNtbmsS t\m¡n¡mWm³ ChÀ¡p Ignªn«pïv.  B[p\nIXm{]Øm\¯nsâ PohnXkao]\s¯ BhnjvIcn¡pt¼mÄ Xsó X§fpsS klPamb cN\mkhntijXIÄ {]ISn¸n¨p Cu Fgp¯pImtcmcp¯cpw.  Fw. ]n. \mcmbW]nÅbpsS apcpI³ Fó ]m¼m«n, tPmÀÖv Bdmasâ tImSXn Im¡\mSsâ {]hmNI³, Ipª½¸mew, _mt_ð, {ioN{Iw, H.hn.hnPbsâ ]mdIÄ, ISð¯oc¯v, sN§óqÀ hïn, Fw. apIpµsâ ‘cm[ cm[am{Xw’ ‘apÞ\w sN¿s¸« PohnXw’, ‘AôchbÊpÅ Ip«n’, k¡dnbpsS HcnS¯v, tbip]pcw ]»nIv sse{_dnsb¡pdn¨v Hcp ]cmXn, BÀ¡dnbmw, tkXphnsâ ‘Ipes¯mgnð’.  ]p\¯nð IpªÐpÅbpsS ‘aeapIfnse AÐpÅ’ ]n. ]ßcmPsâ Nqïð, ]pI¡®S, XpS§nbhsbms¡ Cu khntij `mhpIXz¯nsâ Dev]óamWv.  ChcpsS anI¨ IYIÄ ]eXpw aebmf sNdpIYbpsS Ncn{X¯nsâ A\nhmcy`mKamWv. 

          B[p\nIXm {]Øm\w C§s\ kPohambn \ne\nó Ime¯pXsó AXnsâ s]mXpkz`mh§fnð \nóv hyXykvXX ]peÀ¯nb Fgp¯pImcpapïmbn«pïv.  Nne Awi§fnð B[p\nIXbpsS kv]Àiw ImWm³ Ignbpsa¦nepw auenIamb cN\m coXnsImïv A\\yX t\SnbhbmWv hn.sI.F³. IYIÄ.  Xsâ X\Xp ap{Z]Xnª Hcp `mjbpw BJym\coXnbpw cq]s¸Sp¯n hn.sI.F³. ]¿³kv, Nm¯³kv, Ipª³ tat\m³, \mWzmcv XpS§nb IYm]m{X§sf tI{µoIcn¨v hn.sI.F³ XpSsc FgpXnb IYIÄ At±l¯nsâ {]Xn`bpsS ssh]peys¯ hyàam¡póp. ‘eôv’ t]msebpÅ IYIÄ aebmf¯nse anI¨ GXp sNdpIYtbmSpw InS\nð¡póXmWv. 

          Fgp]XpIfnð B[p\nIXm {]Øm\¯nsâ IYm[mcbv¡v cïp apJ§fpïmbn.  k¦oÀ®amb `mjm{Ia¯neqsS IYmLS\bv¡v IS¦YbpsS kzcq]w \ðInb Sn. Bdnsâbpw sI.]n.\nÀ½ð Ipamdnsâbpw cN\IÄ Hcphgn¡v.  IYsb Hcp `mjm\p`hw am{Xambn HXp¡nsbSp¡pIbmbncpóp AhÀ.  asämcp Znibntebv¡pw sNdpIYIÄ \o§n¯pS§nbncpóp.  CSXp]£ Xo{hhmZcm{ãobw kPohambncpó B L«¯nð AXnsâ ASbmf§Ä {]ISn¸n¨ IYIÄ Dïmbn.  Fw.kpIpamc³, ]«¯p hnf IcpWmIc³, bp.]n.PbcmPv XpS§nbhcpsS cN\IÄ Cu \nebnð Gsd hyXykvXhpw auenIhpw BWv. 

          Fw. kpIpamcsâ A\ym]tZi¯nsâbpw sFXnly¯nsâbpw aäpw cq]LS\ kzoIcn¨psImïv B[p\nIamb `mhpIXzw {]ISn¸n¨psImïv CSXp]£mib§tfmSv {]XnÚm_²X {]ISn¸n¨psImïv ]pXpabpÅ IYIÄ FgpXn.  Htc kabw \½psS CSXp]£cm{ãob¯nsâ {]tbmKnI cq]§tfmSpÅ hnizkhpw hnaÀi\hpw Ahbnð XpSn¨p \nóp.  ‘Xq¡pac§Ä R§Ä¡v’, ‘ acn¨n«nñm¯hcpsS kvamcI§Ä’, ‘Ncn{XKmY’ ‘kwLKm\w’ ‘Iev]hr£¯nsâ Ce’ XpS§nbh Ahbnð {][m\w.  1975 - 77 Ime¯v cmãs¯ {Kkn¨ ASnb´ncmhØbpsS Ccpï A\p`hs¯ Bg¯nð AhXcn¸n¨ sNdpIYbmWv bp.]n. PbcmPnsâ ‘aªv’.

          B[p\nIXm {]Øm\¯nsâ kzm[o\X aebmfsNdpIYbnð kPohambtXmsS, AXnt\mSv  t\cn« B`napJyw ]peÀ¯mXncpó Nne Fgp¯pImcpsS cN\Ifnepw AXnsâ ]tcm£ap{ZIÄ sXfnªp XpS§n.  Fómð B[p\nIXm {]Øm\¯nsâ kzm[o\Xbnð \nóv apà\mbn \nópsImïv ]mc¼cycoXnbnð IYIsfgpXn aebmf sNdpIYm cwK¯v kz´w hyànXzw Øm]ns¨Sp¯ IYmIr¯mWv kn.hn. {iocma³.  ‘hmkvXplmc’,  ‘Ccn¡]nWvVw’, ‘A\mbmtk\ acWw’ , ‘ s]m´³amS’ ‘CãZm\w’ XpS§n Ht«sd IYIfneqsS kn.hn.{iocma³ BgapÅ PohnXmhØIsf AhXcn¸n¨p.  sshimJ³, hÕe, Fkv. ]n. thWptKm]³ \mbÀ, sI.Fð. taml\hÀ½, kn.BÀ. Hma\¡p«³ XpS§n ]ecpw Cu L«¯nð hyXykvXambn FgpXnb IYmIr¯p¡fmWv.  hSt¡ae_mdnsâ hmsamgn hg¡¯nsâ km[yXIÄ sNdpIYIfnð {]mtbmKnIam¡ns¡mïv bp.F. JmZÀ XtâXmb Hcp hgn sh«n¯pd¡pIbpw sNbvXp. 

 B[p\nIXbv¡v tijw

          1970 IfpsS cïmw ]IpXnbmbtXmsS B[p\nIXm {]Øm\¯nsâ thenbnd¡ambn.  B[p\nIm\´c kmlnXy¯nsâ Nne kz`mh§Ä aebmf sNdpIYbnepw {]Xy£s¸«pXpS§n.  Htc kabw B[p\nIXbpsS XpSÀ¨bpw CSÀ¨bpw AXnð ImWm³ XpS§n.  Cu ]cnhÀ¯\w BZyw hyàambXv hn.]n.inhIpamdnsâ sNdpIYIfnemWv.  Ahbnð ]mcUn, sFdWn, ]mTm´c _Ôw XpS§nb cN\m khntijXIÄ {]ISambncpóp.  Fómð ]nð¡me¯v At±lw ‘{]XnjvT’ ‘A½ hóp’ XpS§nb ¢mÊn¡ð am\§fpÅ sNdpIYIÄ FgpXn. 

          ASp¯ ZiI¯nð (1980Ifnð) D¯cm[p\nI IYmkmlnXy¯nsâ kt¦XnI kz`mh§Ä NnesXms¡ aebmf sNdpIYbnepw sXfnªp Iïp.  tI{µoIrXamb GsX¦nepw Bib[mctbmtSm, BJym\ coXntbmtSm ASp¸w ]peÀ¯póhbmbncp ónñ Cu cN\IÄ.  B[p\nIXbpsS L«¯nse sNdpIYIsf At]£n¨v cq]¯nepw {]tab¯nepw Chbv¡v emLhw Dïmbncpóp.  IqSpXð kpXmcyamb BJym\hpw Xpdó LS\bpw Ahbnð sXfnªp Iïp.  ]mÌnjv, saäm^n£³, ^mâkn XpS§nb BJym\coXnIÄ Cu ]qXnb IYIfnð D]tbmKn¡s¸«p.  Cu Hcp hntÇYmhØbnepw Nne {]tXyI kmwkvImcnI \ne]mSpIÄ sNdpIYbnð kPohamIpó ImgvN sXm®qdpIfnse aebmf sNdpIYbnepïv.  kv{XohmZw, ]cnØnXn Aht_m[w, {]m´oIrX hn`mK§fpsS kmón[yw XpS§nbhtbmSp _Ôs¸« Hcp {]Oó cm{ãobw Ahbnð ImWmw. 

          hn.]n. inhIpamdns\ IqSmsX, B[p\nIXbpsS tijapÅ L«¯nð {]mapJyw t\Snb IYmIr¯p¡fmWv F³.Fkv. am[h³, kmdmtPmk^v, Sn.hn. sIm¨p_mh, F³.{]`mIc³, AtiI³ Ncphnð, AIv_À I¡«nð, kn.hn. _meIrjvW³, bp.sI. Ipamc³, AãaqÀ¯n, Abva\w tPm¬, ]n.kptc{µ³ XpS§nbhÀ.  C´y³ AhØbpsS cm{ãobhpw ss\XnIhpamb {]iv\§sf kq£aambn AhXcn¸n¡pIbmWv F³.Fkv. am[hsâ IYIÄ.  ‘lnKznä’ , ‘ImWn’, ‘hòc§Ä hogpt¼mÄ’ ‘\memw temIw’ XpS§nbh Gsd NÀ¨ sN¿s¸«hbmWv.  kv{XohmZ \ne]mSnsâ iàhpw Xo{hhpamb BhnjvmcamWv kmdmtPmk^nsâ sNdpIYIfnepÅXv.  apSns¯s¿apdbpóp, ]m]¯d, \nemhv Adnbpóp, AtimI XpS§nb IYIÄ B \ne]mSnsâ iàamb BhnjvImc§fmWv.  kv{XobpsS A\p`htemIs¯ khntijambn BhnjvIcn¨ sNdpIYIfneqsS aebmf sNdpIYbnð kv{Xo]£¯nsâ Hcp kPoh[mc hfÀ¯nsbSp¯hcmWv AjnX, N{µaXn, am\kn, t{Kkn, KoX lncWy³, {]nb F.Fkv., kn.Fkv. NµnI, sI.BÀ.añnI, sI.tcJ XpS§nbhÀ.

          1991 ð aebmf sNdpIYbpsS iXmÐn BtLmj§fpsS `mKambpïmb A\pIqeamb A´co£w sNdpIYmcwK¯v DWÀhpïm¡n.  {]km[IÀ IYmkamlmc§Ä¡v {]m[m\yw sImSp¯p.  Ahbv¡v \ñ hn]Wn In«n.  ]pXnb Fgp¯pImÀ [mcmfambn cwK{]thiw sNbvXp.  B\pImenI§fnð sNdpIYIÄ¡v IqSpXð {]m[m\yw e`n¨p.  Fgp¯p \ndp¯n \nÈÐcmbncpó ap³Ime IYmIr¯p¡Ä ]ecpw hoïpw kPohambn.  F³.taml\³, taXnð cm[mIrjvW³, sI.]n. \nÀ½ð IpamÀ XpS§nbhÀ hoïpw cwKs¯¯n.  s]mXphnð aebmf¯nse Gähpw kPohamb kmlnXyhn`mKambn sNdpIY Cu Imebfhnð amdn. 

          t\cs¯ Xsó cN\mcwK¯v ISóphóncpó F³.]n.lm^okv apl½Zv , Cu.hn.{io[c³, i{XpL\³, tPmÀPv tPmk^v sI., hn. Fkv. A\nð IpamÀ, {]`mIc³ ]gÈn, Sn.F³. {]Imiv, F{_lmw amXyp, Fw. cmPohv IpamÀ, hÕe³ hmXptÈcn, Aw_nImkpX³ am§mSv, _m_p Ipgnaäw, Fw. BÀ.at\mlchÀ½, kXojv _m_p ]¿óqÀ XpS§nbhcpw Cu A´co£s¯ kPoham¡n.

          1990IfpsS XpS¡¯nð {i²n¡s¸« IYmIr¯p¡fnð {]apJÀ sI.]n. cma\p®nbmWv.  ]pXnb temImhØ a\pjy\nð Gev]n¡pó BLmX§sf sFdWn IeÀó BJym\{Ia¯nð AhXcn¸n¡pó IYIfmWv cma\p®nbptSXv.  inlm_p±o³ s]mbv¯pw IShv, at\mPv PmXthZcv, tPmk^v acnb³, chn, Fw. \µIpamÀ, Fw.Pn._m_p, Sn.]n. thWptKm]me³, ]n.F³.hnPb³ XpS§nbhcpw Cu L«¯nð {it²bamb sNdpIYIsfgpXn. 

          Ignª Hcp ]Xnämïn\nSbnð sNdpIYmcwK¯v ISóp hcnIbpw ]pXpabpÅ IYIfneqsS {i²n¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvX IYmIr¯p¡fmWv kp`mjv N{µ³, _n.apcfn, kt´mjv G¨n¡m\w, sI.G. sk_mÌy³, knXmc Fkv., C.kt´mjv, Pn.BÀ.CµptKm]³, hn\p F{_lmw, Fkv.BÀ. emð, a[p]mð, sFkIv Cu¸³, sI.Kncojv IpamÀ, BÀ. D®n, F³.{]Zo]v IpamÀ, kn.A\q]v, _nt\mbv ]n.sP, tSmw. sP. a§mSv, Sn._n.emð, Cµp tat\m³ XpS§nbhÀ.

          aebmf sNdpIYbpsS Gähpw ]pXnb apJ¯nsâ {]Xn\n[nIfmb Cu Fgp¯pImcpsS cN\Ifnð Gsd sshhn[yw ImWmw.  ]pXpabv¡p thïnbpÅ At\zjWt¯msSm¸w sNdpIY kwthZ\£aamIWw Fó {i²bpw ChÀ¡pïv.  BtKmf hym]vXambn ]Scpó ]pXnb Ime¯nsâ A`ncpNnIfpw AhØIfpw Cós¯ sNdpIYIfnð ImWmw.  AtXmsSm¸w aebmfnbpsS X\Xmb kzXzmhnjvImc¯n\pÅ {iahpw Ahbnepïv.  C§s\ Ime¯nsâbpw temI¯nsâbpw khntijXIsf tcJs¸Sp¯ns¡mïv aebmf sNdpIY aptóm«p t]mIpóp.    

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